2015工商银行校园招聘英语基础知识试题(十四)
阅读理解
Environmentalissuesraiseahostofdifficultethicalquestions,includingtheancientoneofthenatureofintrinsicvalue.Whereasmanyphilosophersinthepasthaveagreedthathumanexperienceshaveintrinsicvalueandtheutilitariansatleasthavealwaysacceptedthatthepleasuresandpainsofnonhumananimalsareofsomeintrinsicsignificance,thisdoesnotshowwhyitissobadifdodosbecomeextinctorarainforestiscutdown.Arethesethingstoberegrettedonlybecauseofthelosstohumansorothersentientcreatures?Oristheremoretoitthanthat?Somephilosophersarenowpreparedtodefendtheviewthattrees,rivers,species(consideredapartfromtheindividualanimalsofwhichtheyconsist),andperhapsecologicalsystemsasawholehaveavalueindependentoftheinstrumentalvaluetheymayhaveforhumansorothersentientcreatures.
Ourconcernfortheenvironmentalsoraisesthequestionofourobligationstofuturegenerations.Howmuchdoweowetothefuture?Fromasocialcontractviewofethicsorfortheethicalegoist,theanswerwouldseemtobe:nothing.Forwecanbenefitthem,buttheyareunabletoreciprocate.Mostotherethicaltheories,however,dogiveweighttotheinterestsofcominggenerations.Utilitarians,forone,wouldnotthinkthatthefactthatmembersoffuturegenerationsdonotexistyetisanyreasonforgivinglessconsiderationtotheirintereststhanwegivetoourown,providedonlythatwearecertainthattheywillexistandwillhaveintereststhatwillbeaffectedbywhatwedo.Inthecaseof,say,thestorageofradioactivewastes,itseemsclearthatwhatwedowillindeedaffecttheinterestsofgenerationstocome.
Thequestionbecomesmuchmorecomplex,however,whenweconsiderthatwecanaffectthesizeoffuturegenerationsbythepopulationpolicieswechooseandtheextenttowhichweencouragelargeorsmallfamilies.Mostenvironmentalistsbelievethattheworldisalreadydangerouslyovercrowded.Thismaywellbeso,butthenotionofoverpopulationconcealsaphilosophicalissuethatisingeniouslyexploredbyDerekParfitinReasonsandPersons(1984).Whatisoptimumpopulation?Isitthatpopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighaspossible?Orisitthesizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfare—theaveragemultipliedbythenumberofpeople—isasgreataspossible?Bothanswersleadtocounterintuitiveoutcomes,andthequestionremainsoneofthemostbafflingmysteriesinappliedethics.
1.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.
A.theintrinsicvalueofhumanexperiences
B.theintrinsicvalueoftheexperiencesofnonhumananimals
C.theintrinsicvalueofecologicalsystemasawhole
D.anancientethicalquestionaboutthenatureofintrinsicvalue
2.weowenothingtothefuturegenerations.
A.Intheauthor’sopinion
B.Fromasocialcontrastviewofethics
C.Forautilitarian
D.Formostenvironmentalists
3.Populationpolicywetakeshouldbeconsidered.
A.positive B.negative C.complex D.reasonable
4.Accordingtothispassage,optimumpopulation.
A.referstothepopulationsizeatwhichtheaveragelevelofwelfarewillbeashighaspossible
B.referstothepopulationsizeatwhichthetotalamountofwelfarewillbeasgreataspossible
C.isadifficultphilosophicalissuewhichremainstoberesolvedinthefuture
D.isadifficultphilosophicalissuewhichDerekParfithassuccessfullysettledinReasonsandPersons
5.Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe.
A.AMysteryinAppliedEthics
B.OurObligationstoFutureGenerations
C.EnvironmentalEthics
D.Environmentalissues
单项选择
6.Thetwopresidentscametothenegotiatingtableduetothe______overtheinternationalboundary.
A.quarrel B.dispute C.challenge D.competition
7.Amajorconcernforphotographerstravelingbyplaneispossible______totheirfilmcausedbyX-raymachines.
A.harm B.injury C.ruin D.damage
8.Wemustpreventthatkindofdisasteratall______.
A.chances B.expenses C.costs D.risks
9.Thestudentwastoldto______forbeingrudetohisteacher.
A.excuse B.apologize C.pardon D.forgive
10.Beginninginthelate1970s,theeconomyofAlaskaunderwentarapidchangesinceoilwasdiscoveredand______.
A.adopted B.utilized C.employed D.exploited
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